Should We or Should We Not Satisfy Our Desires an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Should We or Should We Not Satisfy Our Desires? by Expert Prof. Richardson | 23 Dec 2016 Since time immemorial, desires have been one of the most powerful natural forces which move humans behavior, motivation, and personalities. Whether material, intangible, spiritual, or emotional, it seems that desire has forever been a part of human nature, and it also appears to be a phenomenon which tends to be inevitable and inescapable in peoples lives. Thus, as people carry on with their personal tasks and agendas everyday, they may acknowledge the reality that desires indeed serve as a driving force in these everyday matters. Consequently, desire has been studied debated over even during the early time of Aristotle. Need essay sample on "Should We or Should We Not Satisfy Our Desires?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Often Tell Us: Who wants to write assignment for me? Essay writers recommend: Cheap Essay Writing Service Paper Writers For Hire Who Are You Writing Assignment Essay Writing Company Reviews During this era, most philosophers agree that an inpiduals capability is composed of three aspects, namely, the ratio (brain), the will (desire), and the soul (Hartono). Hence, this shows that since the earliest times, desire have been recognized to be a strong force which greatly affects a persons capacity and competence. However, in the contemporary days, it appears that the word desire has been tagged with various connotations. Some may associate with unnecessary pleasure-seeking, while some may argue that it is a necessity for humans to satisfy their desires. Thus, this paper shall prove and support the fact that as human with a natural will and tendency to want things, desires must therefore be satisfied well to achieve ones optimal capacity as a human being. Theories, Philosophies, and Supporting Thoughts on Desire Satisfaction Sigmund Freud and His Theories on Sexual Desires Over the years, the concept and nature of human desire have been carefully studied and have been debated over by numerous philosophers and other great minds in psychology and sociology, resulting in numerous connotations about the reality of human desire. As a result, many are continuously being puzzled whether desires are meant to be satisfied or to become merely temptations and challenges. Sigmund Freud has been a popular identity in the study of human desire as he became known by his very controversial sexist ideologies. Desire for Freud is generally associated with sexual drive which acts as the principal driving force not just for grown-ups but also for children. Freud believes that since birth, the satisfaction of all the pleasurable sensations from the skin drives a person, ensures an optimal social and emotional development, and prevents future psychological crises like the Oedipal crisis and the Electra complex. Freud named the first psychosexual stage as the oral stage which is undergone by children 18 months and below. In this stage, the focus of pleasure is the mouth which can be observed by the frequent urge of the baby to suck everything that he or she holds. The second stage is the anal stage which, from its name, technically focuses on the pleasure derived from the anus. This is usually observed in children 18 months to 4 years of age. Next is the phallic stage. In this level, four to seven year-old children derive pleasure mainly from their genitalia. Thus, as Freud stated, masturbation can be observed as common practice among children that fall on this age range. The latent stage, on the other hand, relates a stage wherein most sexual desires are being repressed because of the pressure from school and the society. In this stage, children from seven to twelve years of age can be observed to be subdued and calm. The last stage is called the genital stage which begins at puberty and ex tends until adulthood. During this stage, the center of pleasure is sexual intercourse itself. Freud argues that the desire for sexual intercourse in this stage is natural and inevitable. He also emphasizes that most social, emotional, and identity crises like homosexuality and sexual fixation root from this stage when the desire tends to be taken for granted or repressed (Boeree). This theory of Freud supports the idea that desires have that natural tendencies and effects of people. Although his theory deals with only one kind of desire which is that of the sexual urges, it very well discusses how natural and innate desires are to human and how necessary it is to satisfy these desires in order to avoid social, psychological, and identity crises later on in a persons life. Aristippus Hedonism Aside from this theory, Hedonism, which literally talks about the importance of satisfying ones desires, contributes to the idea that desire satisfaction plays a vital role in making a person realize his or her optimum capabilities and potential. Aristippus of Cyrene is the father of Hedonism. He believes that aside from the sensual pleasure, higher forms of pleasure such as mental pleasures, domestic love, friendship, and moral contentment are also important to be satisfied (Fox). His theory also explains that satisfaction of desires leads to a pleasant outlook and attitude in life. Thus, the kind of desire that this theory focuses on is that of the intrinsic desire which is the innermost desire a person has (Heathwood 540). Intrinsic desires are those desires supported by other desires and are usually simpler. In other words, intrinsic desires are the last ones in the long chain and regress of desires (Irvine 55). Theories, Philosophies, and Thoughts Against Desire Satisfaction However, there are critics who challenge the idea of desire satisfactionism by saying that this theory depends on a false psychological analysis as it relies on the fact that pleasure is the only motive of action. Also, critics argue that desire satisfactionism induces selfishness and lets people deviate from self-sacrificing and generosity. Also a lot of critics suggest that hedonism or desire satisfactionism induces too much egocentrism in the sense that it allows an inpidual to splurge and satisfy him/her with all the worldly and materialist desires which s/he wants. Aside from this, desire satisfaction was also tagged to derive more unnecessary desires such as luxuries and vices since it advices the satisfaction of all desires a man could have even those which s/he may not know to be bad for him/her. The Stance It is true that the gratification or fulfillment of ones desire is not the sole driving force of inpiduals. However, it is one of the major driving forces which push people to have a positive and pleasant outlook about life. Considering the aforementioned thoughts, it appears that desires are not always about the sensual and the self-pleasuring kind of desires. Desires in general, may it be the desire to change someone elses behavior, desire to make the world a better place, or all the other realistic and even the unrealistic desires forces people to work hard and live for the fulfillment of such desires. Some people may think that wanting more after fulfilling a desire leads to a problematic situation of non-contentment. They may want more and more after they fulfill a desire they previously wanted badly. This certainly is inevitable for human beings since they would always grow with developing needs as the world around them develops and evolves as well. The negative connotation about desires and desire satisfaction can be very much attributed to the negative perception of conservative society to sensual and sexual desires. As this kind of desire is relatively sensationalized and controversial in the contemporary times, people tend to form the impression that desires are primarily about sexual fantasies and urges that are immoral for people to crave and fulfill over and over. However, as reality bites, human desires are not all about sexual dreams and cravings. In general, desires are the natural driving forces and motivations which keep people going. These are literally the things that people are motivated to acquire to keep a pleasant attitude in life. If not for satisfying ones desires, there would not be an Albert Einstein, Alexander Grahambell, and more successful personalities today (Kavanagh). If people would have to repress desires and keep themselves from satisfying them, then contentment and happiness would most likely be hard to achieve. As it appears, desires come from the illusions and pictures of great and ideal things people want to fulfill for the purpose of rewarding their senses, urges, and needs. Perhaps, these desires are the price people have to pay for their ability of rationalizing or differentiating what is beautiful from ugly, what is elegant from simple, and what is astonishing from lame. This ability also gives them the power to create a mental image of the perfect life and the perfect things which they would eventually tend to desire. Indeed, wanting and desiring beautiful and ideal things and sensation in life come with the humankinds powerful senses and ability to discern what is desirable from not. Perhaps, having such strong desires comes from the gift of powerful human consciousness which enables humans to dream and want (McCormick). As inevitable as the tendency of desiring, the need to satisfy such desires appears to be as inevitable. It is certainly a natural need for people to satisfy their desires as these desires have been proven natural and innate as a human tendency. People must also not justify or rationalize desires and their reasons for desires are not cognitive thoughts; these are feelings which drive the minds and the way of thinking of people. Thus, as emotions, desires are different from the tools of cognitions. These things must never be associated. Hence, desires must never be run by logic but by free and genuine feelings and emotions (Firehammer). Having considered the theories, ideologies, and criticisms about the act of desire satisfaction, the point still stands strong that human beings still ought to satisfy their own desires. However, one must also acknowledge the fact that a desire may either root from a want or a need (Marples). The confusion often arises from determining the difference between the two. Nevertheless, whatever the result of this reflection and differentiation may be, the outcome will still boil down to one fact: understanding human nature suggests the understanding of the natural tendency of desire satisfaction. Thus, this implies that whatever reasons humans try to extract from desires, fantasies, and wants, one fact shall remain: Humans will always crave and desire; thus, as inescapable as desires themselves are the satisfaction of such. Works Cited Boeree, George C. Sigmund Freud: 1856-1939. Shippensburg University. 27 December 2007. 08 January 2009 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html>. Firehammer, Reginald. Desires: The Nature of Desire and Passion. The Autonomist. 02 November 2004. 08 January 2009 . Fox, James. "Hedonism." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 08 January 2009 . Hartono, Agustinus. The Philosophy of Desire. 16 January 2007. ArticlesGratuits.com. 07 January 2009 . Heathwood, Chris. Desire Satisfactionism and Hedonism. University of Colorado at Boulder. 08 January 2009 . Irvine, William Braxton. On Desire: Why We Want What We Want. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Kavanagh, Gail. Why Do People Go After Unlimited Desires?. Helium. 08 January 2009. . Marples, Roger. Education and Well-being: Beyond Desire-Satisfaction. Philosophy of Education Society. 1995. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 08 January 2009. . McCormick, Louis. Why Do People Go After Unlimited Desires?. Helium. 08 January 2009. . Moncur, Michael. Quotation #24243 from Classic Quotes. The Quotations Page. 2007. 08 January 2009 .

Adapting to a New Environment essay Essay Example

Adapting to a New Environment essay Essay Example Adapting to a New Environment essay Paper Adapting to a New Environment essay Paper Human begins are very adaptable. We can live in most climates of the world. In the past, people tended to stay in the place they were born, but now we move easily from countryside to city, from one part of a country to another, and even from country to country. Each place has its own customs and ways of life, and countries also have different languages. When I moved from Vietnam to the united States, I had to make adjustments to my life. First of all, when I came to the United States, I didnt know how to speak English. I was very scared when I met someone. I thought about it every day because English is one of the hardest things is to communicate with native speakers. If you dont know it, it is difficult for you to do something. Then Ive lost a lot of time to study English. In short, I feel under pressure Often, and I wonder about a drug to acquire this language quickly. Secondly, America has different customs from Vietnam, for example, if you make plans with someone, you should go on time. Three to five minutes early is even better, because it shows that you are really interested to spend time with another person. Most of the time, people will wait five or ten minutes, but more than hat and they will angry, and they never want to make plans with you again. It shows you are not polite. If you late, or you cant come. You should phone the person at once and explain why. Dont be late repeatedly because it is the worst. You will become a bad guy. All in all, had to adjust and leave the old Vietnamese habit behind. Thirdly, the transportation in the United States was a concern to me because didnt know how to drive car, and I dont have anything to help me go. If I want to go somewhere, I have to go for a walk, and it takes long time to go. It is a disadvantage to me when want to go somewhere. I never had this problem in my country. Its easy to go somewhere because I know how to drive and have one motorcycle. I can go anywhere anytime I want. In conclusion, I need to take driver license and have a car to go everywhere that want in the United States. In conclusion, I wonder sometimes if I am the same person I was before I moved. By adjusting my English, my custom, and my transportation, I may appear to others as if I am a new person. However, I think of if not as having changed but as having grown.

Workplace Bullying Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Workplace Bullying Research - Essay Example According to the website 'bullying at work' although bullying often lacks a focus, bullies are deeply prejudiced but at the same time sufficiently devious to not reveal their prejudices to the extent that they contravene laws on harassment and discrimination. The workplace bullying is defined as "a person is bullied or harassed when they feel repeatedly subject to negative acts in the workplace, acts against which the victim may find it difficult to defend themselves" Einarsen et al (1994) cited in Lewis et al (2005). The choice of the technique by which data is gathered depends upon the choice of the researcher and the requirements of the research or investigation. Although there is no particular data collection technique which can symbolized as ideal for every situation, there are a variety of data collection techniques that can be considered for being used. Data in social sciences are attained in either formal or informal settings and evolves verbal (oral and written) or non-verba l acts or responses. The combination of the two types of responses results in the four major forms of data collection. These being: observational methods; survey research; secondary data analysis; qualitative research, Punch (2005). Different methodologies like surveys, field observations, interviews are being used in Social research studies. Such studies are often conducted through a combination of data collection techniques to ensure a maximum validity of the data collected. The method selected depends on the resources available and the nature of the phenomenon under investigation. However, there had never been a consensus on the best technique or method that can be termed as scientific. Malcolm (1996) In this respect, the motive behind the concern with the attempt to identify the scientific method is that as Malcolm points out "most philosophers of science have argued that method used is the only guarantee that knowledge obtained is valid, reliable and thus scientific. By employing the correct method[s], the scientist may be sure that their findings are true, repeatable and generalisable." Social research is defined by Malcolm (1996) as "the process of investigation that defines something as being research, rather than being driven by more abstract concerns." While he describes research as a "methodical investigations into a subject or problem. To research is to seek answers that involve understanding and explanation, whereas the credibility of its outcomes will rest heavily upon the conduct of the investigation." In this respect, Frazer (1995) argues that "careful research delivers valuable findings." 3.0 Research Methodology: Hammersley (2006) highlights two areas where philosophy can make an important contribution to social science. These areas are methodology and value relevance. Methodology is concerned with clarifying both the aims and means of research. While value relevance is related to values that frame social science inquiries so as to make them relevant to human concerns. In terms of methodology, Hammersly draws a basic distinction between methodology as technique and methodology as philosophy. Methodology as a technique, on one hand, portrays research as the deployment of particular methods and procedures, those that are taken to be scientific. On the other hand, methodology as a

World Literature Phase 4 DB 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Literature Phase 4 DB 2 - Essay Example unchaste action, or dishonoured step,/That hath deprived me of your grace and favour;/But even for want of that for which I am richer,/A still-soliciting eye, and such a tongue/As I am glad I have not, though not to have it/Hath lost me in your liking†. In sharp contrast to this poetic statement is this coarse dialogue from King Lear in Act IV, Scene VI: And the creature run from the cur? There thou/mightst behold the great image of authority: a/dogs obeyed in office./Thou rascal beadle, hold thy bloody hand!/Why dost thou lash that whore? Strip thine own back;/Thou hotly lustst to use her in that kind/For which thou whippst her. So, in short, Shakespeare is real. And it is in this sense of reality, the frankness of portrayal of human nature which can be lyrical at times, and rude and brutal at others, that Shakespeare has triumphed over time. Shakespeare’s themes are universal: they strike a chord in people of the twenty-first century, and interestingly, some or the other versions of King Lear, Regan, Goneril, Edmund and Cordelia exist in the modern times. For instance, there are many people in today’s capitalistic times, who like Edmund, strive to rise above their circumstances, "Let me, if not by birth, have lands by wit; / All with mes meet that I can fashion fit", More importantly, Shakespeare does not make King Lear a morality play where the good get rewarded and the evil punished. While those that are evil meet with their deaths, the innocent die too: Lear, Gloucester and Cordelia die despite not having done much to deserve it. Shakespeare seems to say that evil is a part of human existence, and that the world is not a just place. Death takes those that are evil and those that are innocent with a grand indifference and seemingly without reason, a distinctly post- modern or existentialist way of looking at things. What is more, Shakespearean plots are well-structured and undiluted. Full of drama, vivid imagery and iridescent language, Shakespeare

Who is the stronger feminist Essay Example for Free

Who is the stronger feminist Essay What is feminism? Does it still exist? Who do you think will be the winner of this title? Lady Macbeth, the psychotic, patronising, devil woman of the Shakespearean era? Or will it be the modern woman, Susan B Anthony the courageous woman who voted for the president election illegally and who is the hero of women’s rights. Who wins in this tournament? In Elizabethan England women were known as sweet, innocent, modest, polite, charming, obedient, and respectful and the inferior sex. Although in today society it is quite the opposite, ideal women in today’s society are known for confidence, outgoing, smart, beautiful, humorous and fun to be around with. Are these the quality of the two women, Lady Macbeth and Susan B Anthony, we are contrasting today? Feminism means to me the representation of women in society. Do you think feminism should exist? Yes, I believe it should exist because every person on this planet should have equal rights. If there were no feminists and feminism who are we as women? Would we still be able to vote? Will we still be trapped in between those walls cooking and cleaning? Both feminists have strong ambitions, however Lady Macbeth’s ambitions are purely selfish and desires power and position, on the other hand Susan B Anthony’s ambition were not selfish but was driven to fight for women’s rights. Announcer: from Shakespeare’s play the evil and ruthless Lady†¦.. Macbeth! And from the opposite corner Susan B Anthony the fierce woman who changed history! Round One: Ding! Ding! When we first see Lady Macbeth, she is plotting her evil scheme to Duncan’s murder. We quickly realise Lady Macbeth’s personality is portrayed as frightening and murderous. This is seen in the play when Lady Macbeth says ‘that croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan’. In this quote Lady Macbeth uses allusion to murder this allusion to murder is recognised by the word â€Å"croak† referring to a crow which is a symbol of death. Lady Macbeth says this because she is thinking of how she will kill Duncan. Susan B Anthony was a woman who fought for women’s equal rights. She was a strong and fearless woman who believed in equality in society this is shown in the quote â€Å"Women, we might as well be dog baying the moon as petitioners without the right to vote! In this quote Susan B Anthony uses personification to compare if women are not allowed to vote they would be useful as dogs looking at the moon. Announcer: This round goes to Susan B Anthony. Round two: Ding! Ding! In 1872 Susan B Anthony was arrested for voting in a president election, she was fined $100 but never paid it. Announcer: Ouch! What a cunning strike from Anthony. Ho w will Lady Macbeth recover? Lady Macbeth shows masculinity and determination with questions towards her husband when he hesitates to murder. Lady Macbeth uses the quote ‘I have given suck, and know how tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you have done this’ Lady Macbeth uses violent language to persuade and show Macbeth how important to her a promise is. Announcer: A quick and hard upper cut from Macbeth, she wins the round! Announcer: Macbeth and Anthony are strong and determined women, they don’t give up until they achieve what they set to achieve. Round three: ding! Ding! Lady Macbeth is persistent and achieves her goal into becoming queen. Lady Macbeth uses this quote to describe her â€Å"†¦nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark to cry â€Å"Hold, hold! † Lady Macbeth uses the theme of good/light to contrast on her evil deed and let nothing good/heavenly stop her from what she is doing. Many men and women disliked and despised Susan B Anthony and said that she was outspoken on her views in politics and society because Anthony illegally voted in politics as a woman. In this quote ‘The only chance women have for justice in this country is to violate the law, as I have done, and as I shall continue to do’ Susan B Anthony shows dominance and authority for what she is fighting for. Announcer: it was a close round but the winner of this round is Susan B Anthony. Round 4: Ding! Ding! Lady Macbeth is like the devil burning with evil intentions we can see this in her quote ‘Shall sun that morrow see! ’ is her intentions for Duncan. Lady Macbeth uses allusion to murder to show that Duncan will die tonight. Susan B Anthony is the opposite this is shown in the quote ‘it was we, the people, not we, the white male citizens, nor yet we, the male citizens, but we, the whole people, who formed the union’ repetition is used in this quote to remind and make them realise what she is saying. Susan B Anthony is trying to get across her audience. Announcer: These two women never give up don’t they? Round 4 goes to Lady Macbeth by her intentions. Announcer: Both women are held down by society Round 5: ding! Ding! Even though Lady Macbeth seems strong and dominating in the relationship she works through by her husband shown in the quote ‘‘Look like th’ innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t’ Lady Macbeth uses simile and metaphor to manipulate her husband to do what she wants opposed to Susan B Anthony who is standing for herself as seen in the quote ‘I declare to you that woman must not depend upon the protection of man, but must be taught to protect herself, and there I take my stand’ Susan B Anthony explains that women do not need a man to guide a woman because women are strong with or without a man. Emotive language is used to move her audience. Announcer: Lady Macbeth too slow and Susan B Anthony swings a superman. Announcer: Ladies especially and gentlemen our winner of this tournament is Susan B Anthony. She wins the golden belt and the name and crown of THE SRONGER FEMMINIST tournament. This leaves us to the conclusion ladies and gentlemen. As we can see feminism still exists and the fact that a long time ago the relationship between the sexes is both unequal and oppressive to women. Lady Macbeth is a feminist because she was against her society and that in her quote ‘Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here; and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty! ’ Lady Macbeth is asking the spirits to remove her gender and her female characteristics and be equal to a male. Susan B Anthony is the ultimate feminist because she stood up for women and their rights and tried to change society’s views on women by illegally voting to encourage women, around the country to give speeches and give faith to people for women’s rights. Thank you folks! And I will see you next time.

Analysis of Things Fall Apart Essay -- Chinua Achebe

Different countries have people that hold many different views and beliefs. In Nigeria the Igbo area is located in the southern area of the country. And within this area is Umuofia, which is where the Ogidi tribe lives. These people have beliefs that rest strongly on religion and faith in god. "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe takes a look at the life of an African tribe that has been isolated from the outer more technologically advanced world where science has become a part of religion proving that certain things live sickness are not caused by evil spirits. But the African tribe has no knowledge of this and they live in a society where there traditions, beliefs and there forms of communication differ from are own. In Umuofia, traditions are an important part of their lives. They celebrate festival that has been celebrated by their people for hundreds of years. ?The feast of the New Yam was held every year before the harvest began, to honor the earth goddess and the ancestral spirits of the clan?. They beliefs were that if they prayed to the earth goddess she would give them a good season to grow their crops. They had other traditions in their tribe, like the process you must follow to marry. After coming to the ugi they would bid for the price of the woman in broomsticks because they felt that talking with cowries was insulting to the woman because it was like buying something at the market. ?. Akueke?s bride price was finally settled at twenty bags of cowries?. This tribe believed that the groom must pay to have his wife, which is how they had always done it. To be successful in Umuofia you want to, have many wives and many kids and have many barns full of yams and have titles with the clan. Okonkwo was one of the w... ...e had such a temper he would beat them. And because of his pride he would never stop until he was done beating them. Okonkwo had a very tough personality and was known through out the land as being a fierce fighter who had claimed five heads of his opponents. This culture really varies from ours in many ways because of the ways they communicate is so different from how we would ever consider doing here. The Igbo tribe has values beliefs and ideas that are strongly rooted in the gods. The way in which they communicate and interact shows a lack of respect towards woman and they are treated like slaves to men. Achebe?s novel ?Things Fall Apart? gives a good insight into the aspects a of a culture that before him had never need explored, and it gives the reader a good look at what the beliefs, values and the way the members of the community communicate and interact.

Approximately

Chapter 9 1)Approximately how much water do you need each day to stay healthy? Water constitutes 50% to 70% of the human body. Its unique chemical properties enable it to dissolve substances as well as serve as medium for chemical reactions, temperature regulation and lubrication (found in the knees and other joints of the body); it also aids in regulating the acid base balance in the body. It helps remove waste from the body and is the basis for saliva, bile and amniotic fluid. It is clear that obtaining the proper daily intake of water is extremely important.For adults daily water needs are estimated at 2. 7 liters (11 cups) for adult women to 3. 7 liters (15 cups) for adult men, total water is a combination of fluids and food. For fluid alone this corresponds to at 2. 2 liters of water (9 cups) for women to 3 liters water (13 cups) for men per day. (Fluid intake does not have to be derived from water alone). Identify at least two situations that increase the need for water. ?Dehyd ration: Dehydration is triggered after the loss of water due to illness and drinking alcohol.The following are signs of the early stages of dehydration: dry mouth and lips, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, headache, elevated heart rate and fatigue. ?Thirst: If you do not drink enough water your brain lets you know by signaling thirst. Your brain communicates the need to drink. Thirst mechanism can lag behind actual water loss after a prolonged exercise and illness, as well as in older people. Children that are ill especially those with fever, diarrhea, vomiting and increased perspiration should be encouraged to take in adequate fluids.Then list three sources of water in the average person’s diet. ?Liquids: Beverages that we consume, such as water, milk, coffee, tea, soda and fruit juices. Beer and wine are also considered forms of water however – these should be consumed within healthy daily guidelines (2 for men and 1 for women). Plain water is considered by many experts to be the best source as it provides water intake without adding any calories – even though it doesn’t provide any other nutrients. ?Foods: Much of the food we consume has water.Many fruits and vegetables are more than 80% water. ?Metabolic Water: Water as a byproduct of metabolism. 2)What is the relationship with sodium and water balance, and how is that relationship monitored as well as maintained in the body? Sodium is the major positive ion found outside cells and is essential to fluid balance and nerve impulse balance. The North American diet provides abundant sodium through processed foods and table salt. Table salt is chemically known as sodium chloride, it is 40% sodium and 60% chloride.The human body absorbs almost all sodium consumed. Once absorbed it becomes the major positive ion found outside of cells in extracellular fluid and is a key factor in retaining body water. Fluid balance throughout the body depends partly on the variation of sodium and o ther ion concentrations among the water containing components in the body. Sodium ions also function in nerve impulse conduction and absorption of nutrients like glucose. Both deficiency and toxicity can occur with sodium; the greater concern lies with toxicity.Sodium deficiency is less common than excess sodium since it is so readily available in the diet; many health problems can occur when either happens. Kidneys are essential for regulating the volume and composition of bodily fluids. Water balance is achieved by ensuring that the amount of water consumed and generated by metabolism equals the amount of water excreted by the body. Consumption side is regulated by behavioral mechanisms which include thirst and salt cravings. Urine is produced not only to eliminate cellular waste products, but also to control the amount and composition of extracellular fluid.Controlling the amount of water and sodium as well as other chemicals is essential to life – our body controls this b y producing various amounts of urine so that we can conserve water and chemicals when short in supply. Too much or too little water and/or salt in our bodies is dangerous. Therefore the amount of water and salt excreted in urine and the amount of urine excreted is adjusted to meet the needs of the body. 3)Identify four factors that influence the bioavailability of minerals from food. Food supplies us with many minerals, but the way in which our bodies are able to absorb them varies.The degree to which ingested nutrient is absorbed from food sources and is available to our body is called bioavailability. The bioavailability of minerals depends on many factors. The mineral content listed in food composition table for amount of a mineral in a food is just a starting point for estimating the actual contribution the food will make to our mineral needs. For example spinach contains much calcium but only 5% can be absorbed because of the vegetables high concentration of oxalic acid, a calc ium binder. Usually 25% of calcium is absorbed by adults.Minerals from animal products are absorbed better as binders such as fiber in plant foods are not present to hinder absorption. The mineral content of plants greatly depends on mineral concentrations of the soil in which they are grown. Refined plant food has a lower content of minerals. Four factors that influence bioavailability of minerals from food are outlined below: ? Fiber -Mineral Interactions: Components of fiber, particularly phytic acid in grain fiber can limit absorption of some minerals by binding to them. Oxalic acid is another substance in plants that binds minerals and makes them less bioavailable.High-fiber diets can decrease the absorption of iron, zinc and possibly other minerals. ?Mineral-Mineral Interaction: Many mineral, such as magnesium, calcium, iron and copper are of similar sizes and the same electrical charge causes these minerals to compete with each other for absorption, and therefore they affect each other’s bioavailability. An excess of one mineral decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals. ?Vitamin-Mineral Interaction: Many beneficial vitamin-mineral interactions occur during nutrient absorption and metabolism.When consumed in conjunction with Vitamin C, absorption of certain forms of iron such as that in plant products improves. The active Vitamin D hormone improves calcium absorption. Many vitamins require specific minerals to act as components in their structure and functions. ?Mineral Toxicities: An excessive mineral intake, particularly of trace minerals (such as iron and copper) can have toxic results. For many trace minerals the gap between just enough and too much is quite small. Using mineral supplements should be closely monitored and should not exceed any upper level set on a term basis.The potential for toxicity is not the only reason to carefully consider the use of mineral supplements – there can also be harmful interactions with other nutrients, as well as the possibility of the supplements being contaminated. 5) In terms of total amounts in the body, calcium and phosphorous are the first and second most abundant minerals, respectively. What functions do these minerals have in common? Approximately 99% of calcium is found in the bones. In addition to its critical role in bones, it also functions in blood clotting muscle contraction, nerve-impulse transmission and cell metabolism.Calcium requires a slightly acid PH and the Vitamin D hormone for efficient absorption. Calcium deficiency is a major factor in osteoporosis. Approximately 85% of the body’s phosphorus is found in the bones – the remainder is found in the bloodstream and functions inside cells. Phosphorus is a component of enzymes, other key compounds, DNA, cell membrane and bone. The body efficiently absorbs phosphorus at about 70% of dietary intake. The high absorption rate and the availability of phosphorus in foods makes this mine ral less important than calcium in dietary planning.The active Vitamin D enhances absorption. Although there is currently no specific disease associated with inadequate phosphorus intake, a deficiency may contribute to bone loss in older women. The functions that these two minerals have in common are that they are both critical to good bone health, have a cell function of sorts, the majority of each is found in the bones, and Vitamin D enhances the absorption of both. ? Chapter 10 1)How does greater physical fitness contribute to better overall health? Explain the process. Physical fitness has many health benefits.Physical fitness refers to the ability to perform moderate to vigorous activity without undue fatigue. The benefits of regular physical activity include, less injury, better sleep habits, reduced blood pressure, increased cardiovascular function and improved blood lipid profiles, aids in weight control/loss, increases muscle mass and strength, improves GI tract peristalsis , slows aging process, reduces risk of certain cancers, improves immune function, increases flexibility and balance, reduces stress and improves self-image, improves blood glucose, and strengthens bones and joints.Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends that all adults should be active to some extent – some activity is better than none. The Physical Activity Guidelines set specific time goals for adults – they are outlined below: ? For substantial health benefits, adults should do at least 150 minutes a week or moderate-intensity activity or 75 minutes of a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity aerobic activity. For additional health benefits, adults should increase aerobic activity to 300 minutes a week or moderate-intensity activity or 150 minutes of a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity aerobic activity. ?Adults should also include muscle strengthening activities that involve all major muscle groups at least two days a week. ?In order to stay with an exercise program the following are recommended: oStart slow oVary activities, make it fun oInclude friends and family Set specific and attainable goals and monitor progress oSet aside a specific time each day for exercise oReward yourself for keeping up with your goals oDon’t worry about occasional setbacks; keep focus on long-term health goals. 2)You have set a goal to increase muscle mass and decrease body fat. Plan a weekly fitness regime, specifying activity types, frequency, intensity, duration, and progression. Commitment is an important step in participating in a physical fitness program and is the first step in putting together a weekly fitness regimen.There are three main components to a good plan that will decrease body fat and increase muscle mass; aerobic, stretching/flexibility, and strength training. ?Aero bic: Aerobic exercise focuses on improving cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular health. oActivities: Walking, running, hiking, cycling, basketball, tennis, soccer, elliptical trainer, etc. o Duration: 20 to 60 minutes. oIntensity: 55% to 90% maximum heart rate or RPE of 4 or above. oFrequency: 5 days a week oProgression: Initiation Phase 3 to 6 weeks/Improvement Phase 5 to 6 months/Maintenance Phase plateau in gains in fitness. Stretching/Flexibility: Focuses on stretching muscles in an effort to maintain and increase mobility. oActivities: Yoga and stretching o Duration: 4 repetitions of 10 to 30 seconds per muscle group oFrequency: 2 to 3 days a week and during warm-up and cool down oIntensity: 5 to 10 minutes during warm-up and cool down oProgression: Start with smaller muscle groups (arms) and work toward large muscle groups (legs) ?Strength: Focuses on increasing or maintaining muscle mass through resistance exercise. oActivities: Weight lifting, Pilates, push-ups and ull-ups o Duration: 8 to 12 repetitions of 8 to 10 to different exercises oFrequency: 2 to 3 days a week oIntensity: Enough to condition major muscle groups of the upper and lower body. 3)How are carbohydrates, fat and protein used to supply energy during a 100-meter sprint, during a weight lifting session, during a 3-mile walk? Nutrients are converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) base on intensity and duration of any activity. Carbohydrates are the main nutrient for fueling exercise of moderate to high intensity, and fat providing energy during low intensity exercises.For example, fat is a great fuel for endurance events, but would not be good for 100-meter sprint. If exercising at a low intensity (50% of the max heart rate) you would have enough stored fat to fuel activity for hours or days as long as their sufficient oxygen to allow fat metabolism to occur. As the intensity of exercise increases, carbohydrate metabolism takes over. While it is more efficient than fat metabolism it has limited energy stores. This stored carbohydrate can fuel about two hours of moderate to high level exercise.One could continue with moderate to high intensity for longer by replenishing carbohydrate stores during exercise. If carbohydrates are not restored you will have to reduce your intensity and draw energy from fat. As exercise intensity continues to increase, carbohydrate metabolism efficiency drops and anaerobic metabolism kicks in – because the body can’t take in and distribute oxygen quickly enough to metabolism carbs or fat easily. Low amounts of protein are metabolized during all levels of exercise – slightly more in endurance exercise especially when carbohydrate fuel has been depleted.