The Hallmarks Of A Stem Cell - 1217 Words

The hallmarks of a stem cell are its ability to self-renew as well as its ability to differentiate and assume almost any cell fate if given the appropriate cues known as pluripotency (ref). The differentiation of stem cells requires large and rapid changes in gene expression. miRNAs are well suited to carry out this task through their ability to simultaneously inhibit the translation of several target genes allowing for coordinated control of cellular processes{Bartel:2009fh}. Furthermore, miRNAs have been shown to regulate embryonic development in addition to their role in regulating stem cell fate{Stefani:2008bw}. Evidence for this comes from experimental studies where the overall function of the miRNA biogenesis pathway was evaluated through genetic deletion of the miRNA processing enzymes DICER, DGCR8, Drosha, and AGO2. DICER knockout mice die at early stages of embryogenesis and fail to express the stem cell marker Oct4 and primitive streak marker T (brachyury), which respe ctively indicate a loss of stem cells and arrested development during gastrulation{Bernstein:2003dp}. Furthermore, DICER-deficient mouse ES cells are viable but incapable of differentiation, showing severe proliferation defects{Kanellopoulou:2005kf, Murchison:2005fa}. Similarly, DGCR8 knockout mice arrest early in development{Wang:2007gb}. DGCR8-deficient mouse ES cells also exhibit a proliferation defect and cannot efficiently silence the ES cell program, although these defects are not asShow MoreRelatedCancer : An Uncontrollable Division Of Cells1467 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribed as an uncontrollable division of cells. According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, with an estimated 595,690 deaths and 1,685,210 new cases in 2016 alone (NIH 2015). Cancer can develop from almost every organ of the body, with the most common organs affected being the breasts, lungs, prostate, colon, and bladder (NIH 2015). As the disease p rogresses, it may become metastatic, where the cancer cells migrate from their point of origin toRead MoreHuman Neural Stem Cell Tropism857 Words   |  4 PagesARTICLE TITLE: Human Neural Stem Cell Tropism to Metastatic Breast Cancer ESSAY TITLE: The Investigation of a therapeutic implication on metastatic breast cancer with a specialized human neural stem cell that is programed to secrete carboxylesterase combined with activated form of an ionotecan by targeting a specific tumor site and major cytokine involved in mediating susceptibility of neural stem cells to breast cancer cells. SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY: Metastatic Breast Cancer is characterized as aRead MoreInhibitory Effects Of Psoriasis In Mice797 Words   |  4 Pageschose to provide a summary of was one that examined the use of stem cells in order to decrease psoriasis in mice. The researchers specifically used Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are those found in the umbilical cord blood. They are multipotent and therefore are able to differentiate into many different types of tissues. These stem cells, in particular, have an â€Å"inhibitory effects on innate and adaptive immune cells† (Lee). The hallmark of a diagnosis of Psoriasis is the visible skin irritationRead MoreOverview Of Embryonic Stem Cells771 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells play a fundamental role during all stages of development and have the potential to study and treat disease (Spitalieri et al., 2016). Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent cells that emerge from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can give rise to various cell types (Lian g and Zhang, 2013). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have similar characteristics but are derived from adult differentiated somatic tissue (Liang and Zhang, 2013). This review will briefly compare ESC andRead MoreCell Abscission : The Final Step Of Cytokinesis1505 Words   |  7 Pages3.2 Cell abscission: the final step of cytokinesis After the division of nuclear membrane following duplicated chromosome segregation, in eukaryotic cell division, cytokinesis is carried out to divide a single cell into two daughter cells25. The process begins with the construction of a cleavage furrow intervened with actomyosin ring contraction3. The spindle midzone formed during anaphase gets transformed into intercellular bridge also known as the midbody responsible for connecting two new formingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1303 Words   |  6 Pagesmalignant neoplasm, the hallmark characteristic involves uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Under normal conditions cell grow, divide and die, but in cancer cells the defect takes place at the gene level leading to the formation of an abnormal DNA. As genes are the basic control machines of the cell, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. Moreover, in normal cells damage of any kind is taken care by the repair system but in cancer cells , the repair function isRead MoreThe Importance Of Stem Cell Research805 Words   |  4 Pageshereditary altering. In stem cell research, â€Å" An isogenic human iPSC cell line precisely corrected by the CRISPR-Cas9 system was recently constructed, despite the handling difficulties associated with gene editing of human stem cells† (Kim, â€Å"CRISPR-Cas9: a promising tool for gene editing on induced pluripotent stem cells.†) iPSCs, which are fundamentally the same as embryonic stem cells, are pluripotent cells with a high self-reestablishment rate that can separate into all cell sorts; be that as itRead MoreThe Aging Process And Key Diseases Associated With Aging2223 Words   |  9 Pagesin the adoption of innovative treatments and declined risk for older adults. In order to better understand aging-associated diseases, it is first necessary to define what aging is. Aging is a complex, multifactorial process of harmful mutations in cells and tissues that are accumulated over time and result in an increased risk of disease and, eventually, death (Tosato, Zamboni, Ferrini, Cesari, 2007, p. 401). Contrary to the belief that aging can be cured through medical advances, it is scientificallyRead MoreInduction, Molecular Mechanisms And Consequences Of EMT1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthe activation of intracellular signaling cascades in the tumor cells. The stromal signals capable of inducing an EMT in epithelial cells include (a) several key signaling molecules such as TGF-s, Notch and Wnt, (b) activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), (c) matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), (d) hypoxia and (e) inflammatory signals (Polyak and Weinberg, 2009). Together with genetic and epigenetic alterations of the cancer cell genome, they can induce the expressi on of pleiotropically actingRead MoreThe Is The Uncontrolled Growth Of Blood Cancer New Zealand1609 Words   |  7 PagesLeukaemia is the uncontrolled growth of blood cells which occurs in the bone marrow (National Cancer Institute, 2013). Every day six New Zealanders are diagnosed with some form of blood cancer (Leukaemia and blood cancer New Zealand, 2015). It is believed that more than 10,000 people in New Zealand are affected by blood cancers such as, leukaemia, lymphoma or myeloma or related blood diseases (Leukaemia and blood cancer New Zealand, 2015).Leukaemia is believed to be ten times more common in adults